حل تشریحی سوالات زبان تخصصی (انگلیسی) - کنکور ارشد مهندسی کامپیوتر 1404

PART C: Reading Comprehension PASSAGE 1: The emergence of computers and the Internet is among the most technological advances that has happened in the twentieth century. Individuals have gained greater access to information of all sorts, and the gap that exists between technology and human intellect is getting thinner. As societies utilize the technology in various fields, some new ethical concerns have arisen. Extensive use of the technology has also made possible potentially unethical activities such as violation of individual privacy and other illegal forays into private network spaces. Not all network users are honest individuals, and not all of them adhere to ethical standards of moral behavior. Some computer users keep a large amount of their personal information on their computer systems or on the network spaces in social media. The use of social media is on the rise. As a result of this, hackers and other intruders have a greater opportunity to access private data, and use them for unlawful purposes. These concerns contributed to the rise of a field known as computer ethics which deals with the procedures, values and practices that govern the process of consuming computing technology and its related disciplines in a way that does not damage or violate the moral values and beliefs of any individual, organization or society.

PASSAGE 2: The first "computers" were ancient tools that were used to do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Some early examples of this would be the ancient Chinese invention known as the abacus. These older tools were in a sense computers because they did what modem computers do: take information and tum it into logical operations. Logical operations are instructions that someone gives a computer and tells it what to do. Older tools still required humans to do things to make them work. But modem computers use power and can be programmed to do things automatically. The first computer, as we would think of one today, was created in 1823 by a man named Charles Babbage in England. Charles Babbage invented all the parts that are now used for a modem computer. He called the machine he was working on the "Difference Engine" but unfortunately he never finished it. Ten years later, another man named George Scheutz read about the "Difference Engine" and was excited about what Babbage had been working on. Together with his son Edward, Scheutz began to work on a smaller version. Twenty years later, by 1853, the father and son had constructed a machine that could process 15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences. This was very advanced programming for a machine at that time. Their machine won a gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris in 1855, and later they sold it to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York. The Dudley Observatory later used it to calculate the path to the planet Mars.

PASSAGE 3: Quantum computation is a field of much interest and activity. Much of the interest was stimulated by Shor's discovery that there is a quantum computation algorithm for the integer factoring problem that is more efficient than any known classical algorithm. [l] This result has stimulated much work that represents steps in the long-term goal of physical construction of quantum computers. This includes work on quantum error­ correction codes and physical models of quantum gates, quantum Hall systems, and nuclear magnetic resonance to carry out parallel quantum computation. The optimism about reaching the long-term goal that is implicit in this work is tempered by the work of Landauer. [2] As a critic, Landauer correctly points out the enormous obstacles in the path of construction of efficient quantum computers. These include effects of environmental noise with respect to which quantum computers are exquisitely sensitive, errors in constructing the Hamiltonian, and errors in constructing the initial state. As Landauer notes, these errors can cause unwanted reflections of the computational process that reduce the amplitude of the transmitted component that represents the completed computation. Work in which potential barriers causing reflection are introduced intentionally where the potential distribution is 'deterministically disordered', suggests that in some cases, these problems may be less severe than otherwise thought. Building quantum computers is incredibly difficult. Many candidate qubit systems exist on the scale of single atoms, and the physicists, engineers, and materials scientists who are trying to execute quantum operations on these systems constantly deal with two competing requirements. [3] First, qubits need to be protected from the environment because it can destroy the delicate quantum states needed for computation. The longer a qubit survives in its desired state the longer its "coherence time." From this perspective, isolation is prized. Second, however, for algorithm execution qubits need to be entangled, shuffled around physical architectures, and controllable on demand. The better these operations can be carried out the higher their "fidelity." [4]