حل تشریحی سوال شماره 18 زبان تخصصی (انگلیسی)

PASSAGE 2: The first "computers" were ancient tools that were used to do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Some early examples of this would be the ancient Chinese invention known as the abacus. These older tools were in a sense computers because they did what modem computers do: take information and tum it into logical operations. Logical operations are instructions that someone gives a computer and tells it what to do. Older tools still required humans to do things to make them work. But modem computers use power and can be programmed to do things automatically. The first computer, as we would think of one today, was created in 1823 by a man named Charles Babbage in England. Charles Babbage invented all the parts that are now used for a modem computer. He called the machine he was working on the "Difference Engine" but unfortunately he never finished it. Ten years later, another man named George Scheutz read about the "Difference Engine" and was excited about what Babbage had been working on. Together with his son Edward, Scheutz began to work on a smaller version. Twenty years later, by 1853, the father and son had constructed a machine that could process 15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences. This was very advanced programming for a machine at that time. Their machine won a gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris in 1855, and later they sold it to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York. The Dudley Observatory later used it to calculate the path to the planet Mars.