حل تشریحی سوال شماره 39 زبان انگلیسی - عمومی

PASSAGE 2: There is no thorough study of English Orientalism during the Romantic Age comparable to Samuel Chew's treatment of Islam in English literature of the Renaissance or Martha P. Conant's study of the Oriental tale in English literature of the eighteenth century. Contributions to such a study have of course been made: Edna Osborne's "Oriental Diction and Theme in English Verse 1740-1840," Wallace C. Brown's several articles on the Near East in English literature of about the same period, and Harold Wiener's analysis of Byron's "Turkish Tales." The present article is concerned primarily with the Persian element in that Oriental complex-a limitation which is perhaps justified by the pre-eminence of Persian poetry over the poetry of other Asiatic nations as an influence upon English literature of this period. What distinguishes the Orientalism of the Romantic Age from the earlier manifestations is that the last quarter of the eighteenth century saw the establishment, in England, of a genuine, firsthand study of the languages of Persia, Arabia, Turkey, and India. This enabled English writers to deal with original Oriental works, or at least with direct translations of them into English. By contrast, the Renaissance Englishman had known of the East almost exclusively through travel books written by men unfamiliar with the languages of the countries they visited. The early Enlightenment had learned about the literature of Asia, to be sure, but only by way of French and Latin versions of it, or through imitations of those versions inspired by the success of Galland's translation of the Arabian Nights. The true beginnings of Oriental studies in England are to be found in the work of Sir William Jones from about 1770 to his death in 1794, and in the uses to which his philological and literary researches were put by the agents of the East India Company when that enterprise was brought more closely under the British Crown by the India Act of 1784. The interrelation of Jones' s at first academic linguistic studies with the practical application of them following the change of status of the Indian empire is well illustrated by the different fate that befell the Oriental investigations of Thomas Gray a generation earlier. Shortly after the year 1755, Gray had written a pair of essays on India and Persia, based upon such Oriental learning as could then be garnered from the European languages, both ancient and modern. But these essays were not published until 1814.