حل تشریحی سوال شماره 11 زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی)

Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 1: Machine learning is a technique in information technology which applies predefined algorithms and statistical models to enable A.I. systems to imitate the way humans perform cognitive tasks through learning from experience, without being explicitly programmed. It allows A.I. systems to analyze their own performance and gradually improve its accuracy. Essentially, it involves three main steps: processing input variables and collecting data; training a model on that data to identify patterns, and then using the model to make predictions on new data. The first example of machine learning is Arthur Samuel's checkers-playing program, developed in the late 1950s. This program used a form of algorithm that allowed it to learn from past games. It improved its performance by analyzing its own moves and outcomes, adapting its strategy over time through a process called "reinforcement learning." This early work laid the foundation for many machine learning techniques used today. One common application of machine learning is in email filtering. Email providers use machine learning algorithms to classify emails as spam or not spam. The system is trained on a dataset of emails that have been labeled as "spam" or "not spam." Over time, it learns to recognize features like specific words, phrases, or sender behaviors that are common in spam emails, allowing it to automatically filter out unwanted messages.