حل تشریحی سوال شماره 11 زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی)

Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 1: There can be little doubt that information technology has played a substantial part. in promoting widespread industry re-structuring and deep-rooted organizational change during the past decade. Despite a lack of evidence linking real productivity gains with IT investment, organizations throughout the private and public sectors have persevered with the implementation of new IT infrastructures. For many organizations, these investments have been viewed as the price of remaining competitive, as the capabilities of advanced information and telecommunication technologies have altered business scale and scope economies, as well as facilitating radically different business delivery models. From its first public premiere in the early 1990s, business process re- engineering (BPR) has, in the opinion of many proponents, been considered to be synonymous with the application of IT to the remodelling of business organizations and extended enterprises. However, in practice, in spite of offering a host of technical opportunities for radical re-design, IT has proved to be as much an impediment to process based change as a pivotal enabler.