حل تشریحی سوال شماره 20 زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی)

Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 1: While it is certainly useful to study the successful ways people solve problems, the old adage that we learn from our mistakes suggests that studying failures might be even more fruitful. This is the concept behind negative patterns, or antipatterns. Whereas patterns describe a recurring problem and its solution, antipatterns describe solutions that have more negative consequences than positive benefits. In effect, they describe dysfunctional approaches to problem-solving, followed by the changes that should be made to overcome this dysfunction. That is, antipatterns describe situations that we often find ourselves in, situations that are not healthy for the individual or the organization. We obviously do not set out to create these dysfunetional situations; they occur because of negleet, malice, ignorance, and assorted other reasons. Once in these predicaments, how do we get out and stay out? This is the rationale for antipatterns.