حل تشریحی سوال شماره 16 زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی)

Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 1: Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms. both structured and unstructured, similar to data mining. Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data. It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of mathematics, statistics. information science, and computer science. Turing award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a "fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational and now data-driven) and asserted that: "everything about science is changing because of the impact of information technology". While many university programs now offer a data science degree, there exists no consensus on a definition or suitable curriculum contents. To its discredit, many data- science and big-data projects fail to deliver useful results, often as a result of poor management and utilization of resources.