حل تشریحی سوال شماره 40 زبان انگلیسی - عمومی

Historians don't know for certain if the first prosthetics were primarily functional or for appearances. According to Katherine Ott, Ph.D., curator for the Division of Medicine and Science at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, this is partly because different cultures have their own ideas about what makes a person whole. The oldest known prosthetics are two different artificial toes from ancient Egypt. One prosthetic toe, known as the "Greville Chester toe," was made from cartonnage, which is a kind of papier-mache made from glue, linen, and plaster. It is thought to be between 2,600 and 3,400 years old, though its exact age is unknown. Because it doesn't bend, researchers believe it was cosmetic. The other prosthetic, a wooden and leather toe known as the "Cairo toe," is estimated to be between 2,700 and 3,000 years old. It is thought to be the earliest known practical artificial limb due to its flexibility and because it was refitted for the wearer multiple times. Approximately 300 years later-300 B.C.-in Italy, an ancient Roman nobleman used a prosthetic leg known as the "Capua leg." The leg was made of bronze and hollowed-out wood and was held up with leather straps. Other known early prosthetics include artificial feet from Switzerland and Germany, crafted between the 5th and 8th centuries. These were made from wood, iron, or bronze and may have been strapped to the amputee's remaining limb. Soldiers who lost their limbs in battle often used early artificial limbs made of wood or iron. For instance, about 2,200 years ago, the Roman general Marcus Sergius Silus lost his right hand during the Second Punic War. He had it replaced with an iron one that was designed to hold his shield. Knights of the Middle Ages sometimes used wooden limbs for battle or to ride a horse. And in the 16th century, the reputable French surgeon Ambroise Pare designed and developed some of the first purely functional prosthetics for soldiers coming off the battlefield. He also published the earliest written reference to prosthetics in one of his detailed expositions about his ground-breaking discoveries on the subject.