حل تشریحی سوال شماره 28 زبان انگلیسی - عمومی

Passage 2: Positivism is a current of thought whose beginning is usually attributed to the approaches of Auguste Comte, who only considered the knowledge from the empirical sciences valid. This paradigm, also known as Quantitative or Rationalist, establishes the existence of a certain uniformity and order in nature, which means that the natural world has its own existence, independent of who investigates ll· Based on this, it is governed by laws that allow explaining, predicting and controlling phenomena. This paradigm is particularly predominant in engineering education, where students are passive throughout the learning process, and depend on the educator as a source of information and not on themselves as constructors of knowledge. From an epistemological point of view, Positivism has an objective position, a distant and non-interactive attitude between the subject and the peers, assuming that reality is given and can be absolutely known by the subject (e.g., an engineering student), and therefore requires finding the right and valid method to discover that reality. Consequently, positivist science is based on the assumption that the subject has an absolute possibility of knowing reality through a specific method. This is the type of problems that engineering students often encounter in classrooms, by using this traditional approach, which do not necessarily prepare them for the real problems that they will find as future engineers. Hence, Positivism emphasizes verification, based on observation and opposing any science that is constructed without any empirical correlates. The most important characteristic of positivist theory is the search for a systematic, verifiable and measurable knowledge, focusing on the cause of phenomena that occur, from observation, measurement and statistical procedure. In this way, this paradigm leads the students to answer tests in the most accurate way possible in terms of either what educator has taught or study books, getting much better academic grades but not necessarily a better understanding.