حل تشریحی سوال شماره 22 زبان تخصصی (انگلیسی)

PART C: Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 3: In parallel with the growing recognition of computer design and engineering as a distinct area of professional activity, computer development moved from universities to the private sector. As has been well documented, many companies entered the field in the 1950s. In fact, individuals from companies rather than universities dominated the organizing committee of the first JCC. This new industry was also where the identity of the computer engineer was ever more solidly linked to preexisting academic credentials (such as degrees in electrical engineering), specialized expertise, control over specific work tasks, and differentiation from other professionals. The case of Engineering Research Associates (ERA) offers further insights about the position of engineers in one pioneering firm. Founded in the mid-1940s, this Minneapolis-based company's early activities included developing electronic data-processing systems, especially for the US Navy; it was later well known for its stored-program computer, the 1101. The company's founders and early personnel included a roughly even mix of mathematicians, electrical engineers, and physicists. Yet as the firm grew, engineers increasingly filled its ranks. Per Arthur Norberg, "40 percent of the 1943 electrical engineering graduates of the University of Minnesota ... joined ERA after the war and a significant number ... of the class of 1951 accepted their first job at ERA." Additional details can be gleaned from a 1952 personnel directory, which reveals that more than 60 percent of the company's "professional" staff held engineering degrees. Furthermore, more than 40 percent of this same group had at least one degree in electrical engineering, and between half and two-thirds of the company's directors and vice presidents held electrical engineering degrees. .