حل تشریحی سوال شماره 18 زبان تخصصی (انگلیسی)

PART C: Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 2: The programming process can be subdivided into a number of tasks of which debugging is perhaps one of the most pervasive. For example, it is frequently estimated that testing and debugging account for approximately 50% of the cost of new systems development. This situation holds also for the later maintenance phase. Furthermore, the introduction of new approaches such as fourth-generation languages does not immediately threaten much of the current mode of system development and enhancement. Debugging can be regarded as a problem-solving task in which the interaction between programmers' knowledge structures and environmental variables determines the effectiveness of debugging performance. While acknowledging that individual differences play a major role in debugging effectiveness, this paper investigates one of the environmental variables--the nature of the program bug--to examine its effect on the debugging process. The ultimate aim of the paper is to contribute to a general theory of program bugs. Debugging studies such as those by Gould & Drongowski (1974) and Gould (1975) addressed the effect of the type of programming language statement containing the bug on debugging performance. They found that assignment bugs were much harder to detect and correct than were array or iteration bugs. Unfortunately, the routines Gould used were statistical routines and the assignment bugs involved knowledge of statistics, i.e. domain knowledge not commonly possessed by the average programmer. These results highlight the anomalies that may arise when we do not have a general concept of program bugs. Furthermore, they illustrate the need to investigate the nature of bugs if research into debugging is to progress.